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Chronic Procrastination is NOT a Time Management Problem!

From : http://procrastinators-anonymous.org/node/8

Not a Laughing Matter!

The jokes about procrastination infuriate me. This is not a funny problem - not if you are suffering from true, chronic procrastination. Lawyers have been disbarred due to procrastination. Small business owners have lost their businesses due to procrastination. People's lives fall apart and are destroyed due to procrastination. This is not a funny problem.
The blindness of the psychological community in not recognizing procrastination as an addictive disorder also infuriates me. Every book or article I've ever read about procrastination talks about getting to the "underlying reason" why you procrastinate so you can solve the problem. Knowing why you're procrastinating on a particular task can be helpful, but it's not the whole solution - not by a long shot. That's like saying an alcoholic can stop drinking if he can only discover what's really bothering him. An alcoholic drinks because he has an addictive personality and alcohol is his drug of choice. A procrastinator procrastinates because he (or she) has an addictive personality and procrastination is his or her "drug" of choice.
Addiction and compulsion are about escaping the present moment - not being present in your life, not experiencing the reality of your life. People procrastinate as a way to not be present in their lives because they have addictive personalities, and this is the particular form their addiction takes.

Misguided Advice from "Experts"

Until very recently, there was almost no research at all on procrastination in the psychological community. Now there is some research, but mostly unhelpful personality correlates, and laundry lists of the hidden "reasons". More recently, a few researchers have noticed that procrastination is a "marker" for alcohol and drug abuse - that procrastinators are much more likely to also abuse drugs and alcohol. But the uninsightful explanation given for this correlation is that procrastinators are using drugs and alcohol to deal with the pain of their procrastination.
How can these researchers be so blind and dense?!?! They stare right at the data and somehow miss the obvious. Procrastinators are more likely to use drugs and alcohol because they have addictive personalities, and if you have an addictive personality, you are vulnerable to using anything and everything addictively. Addiction is not related to specific substances or behaviors - addicts freely switch between them. Alcoholics become compulsive eaters and/or love addicts when they get sober, heroin addicts get off heroin by becoming alcoholics, etc.

Who Am I, Anyway?

I am a chronic procrastinator (with graduate training in psychology) who has also had to deal with a variety of other addictive problems. I've been clean and sober for nearly a decade, and I've resolved addictive problems with food and relationships as well. I know what addiction feels like. Procrastination feels like addiction, and it's the very hardest addiction I've ever had to deal with. It's harder to stop procrastinating than it is to quit drinking, drugging, smoking, compulsive eating, and romantically obsessing all together.
I started this Web site and this fellowship because there is nothing out there that provides what I need. I'm sick, sick, sick of the jokes and the stupid, useless explanations of psychologists. 12-step programs work for addiction, and if there was an effective fellowship for procrastination, it would work for that, too.
Although there was a fledgling fellowship in NYC for a while (Latecomers and Procrastinators Anonymous, or LA), it seems to have died away and since there was no formal organization there is no one to contact. And anyway, I didn't find it helpful because it made a common mistake that people make in trying to help procrastinators - it gave advice on time management.
Note: Procrastinators do not have a problem with time management. They have a problem with compulsive avoidance.
If you give a procrastinator a new time management tool, he will just play with the new time management tool as a way to procrastinate. The problem is not a lack of time management skills - or not mainly a lack of time management skills. Procrastination is a form of addictive escapism that must be dealt with directly or there will be no recovery.
Recovery from procrastination (aka compulsive task avoidance) cannot be achieved by abstaining from your current favorite procrastination activity, because you'll just switch to something else (just as cutting out certain foods doesn't resolve compulsive eating problems). Recovery from procrastination means doing what you say you're going to do, when you say you're going to do it.

9 Publishing Basics for Anyone Submitting to a Scholarly Journal

9 Publishing Basics for Anyone Submitting to a Scholarly Journal 

 

From:

http://connection.sagepub.com/blog/2013/11/05/9-publishing-basics-for-anyone-submitting-to-a-scholarly-journal/

Leah Fargotstein, a Social Science Journals Editor here at SAGE, was recently asked to participate in a panel where she was asked some basic, yet essential questions about getting published in a scholarly journal. In an effort to support any graduate students and early-career scholars out there who may have wondered about the questions below, we asked Leah to write up her responses. Here is what she had to say:

1.       What is the point of an abstract and how should it be formatted?

Abstracts are basically summaries of articles. They function as “teasers” so readers can get an overview of your article before deciding to read the entire piece. In an online world, abstracts also make your article easier to find via search engines, since abstracts are free for everyone to read.  In the space of around 250 words, an abstract should answer three basic questions:

What is your research question?

How did you go about answering that question?

What are your findings?

Some journals require structured abstracts which delineate exactly which subjects should be addressed in which part of the abstract. These abstracts provide a more organized framework for the reader to ensure authors are summarizing their articles precisely. Structured abstracts are more popular in science and medical fields than in the social sciences, but this is beginning to change in the social science scholarly community as well.

2.       How much effort should one put into formatting the submission according to the guidelines? Is it a make-or-break proposition?

The answer to this question really depends on the journal and the editor. For any journal with high submissions and a low acceptance rate, it very well could be. At best, an editor will send out the paper that is poorly edited for review and the article author will have to reformat the paper if it is accepted.  Given the various endnote programs and style guides out there for academic papers, it is always better to format the paper correctly in the first place.

3.       How long does a submission review usually take?

Standards vary from field to field, so it might be helpful to ask your colleagues and mentors what you should expect for typical journals in your field. To give you a rough idea, the first review can range from 30-60 days in the science and medical fields and 30-90 days in the humanities and social sciences, depending on the journal, the time of year, and the discipline.

Responses to a paper that has been revised & resubmitted are typically faster, but not always, especially if a reviewer doesn’t respond. In fact, reviewer fatigue has been a problem for all journals. Peer reviewers are thorough in their work, and they are often professors who are busy working on their own research as well. Be patient with a journal’s editor, but feel free to ask politely about the status of your paper if you think the time taken is much longer than your discipline’s standard. If you have a special circumstance, such as an imminent tenure or promotion review, make sure to note this in your email. Editors might be able to expedite the process if they know about this.

4.       Please explain the editorial decision of Reject, Revise & resubmit, or Accept with revisions. If you use other decision markers, please describe those, too.

While the responses vary by journal and I am not the editor of a specific journal, I can discuss briefly the general responses that someone submitting a paper might receive. First, there are two kinds of rejections journals typically give: the first is a desk rejection, and the second is a rejection with review. The former generally involves the editor and perhaps another member or members of the editorial board or team reading the manuscript and determining that it is not appropriate for review. These decisions are often related to the scope of the paper, poor quality writing, poor research design, or other factors that the editor thinks will reduce or eliminate the article’s chances of getting through the peer review process. The editor will explain the exact reasons in the rejection letter. A rejection with review means the editor found the article compelling enough to send out for review, but the reviewers of the article found the paper lacking in some way. For high-submission journals, reviewers may have found the paper compelling, too, but the editor must make a decision on whether they found it compelling enough to publish, given the limited space available to journals.

A Revise & Resubmit (R&R) response means that the reviewers and editors found flaws or missing pieces in the paper, but think that, with some changes, the paper could be publishable. This is not a guarantee of publication, but it isn’t a rejection either. Almost all papers that are eventually published start out as R&Rs, though it depends on the selectivity of journal whether most R&Rs are eventually published. An editor may give you an indication of your chances for an eventual acceptance in your decision letter. The editor will also be able to give you a general direction of change that should be made, especially when reviewers give conflicting advice.

Accept with revision decisions are very rare on a first review. These mean that if you make the changes indicated in the decision letter, your article will be accepted. This is what you might expect to see after a successful R&R.

5.       When an author gets comments back on an article from reviewers, in what amount of time should the author expect to reply to those comments for the revision?

Again, the amount of time can vary, but certainly not the next day, or even week. Revisions take time, and editors know this. Depending on the extent of changes requested, revisions can take anywhere from a couple weeks for minor tweaks to six months or more for new data collection and analysis. An editor may give you a deadline for revisions. If you think you won’t be able to meet the deadline, ask for an extension and explain the circumstances. The worst answer you can get is a no, and at least you’ll know before you start putting in the effort to make substantial changes.

6.       Some people like to email the editor of a journal before submitting an article. Do you advise that? When would you or when would you not?

If you have a question about the scope of the journal or other specifics of the journal not answered on the journal’s website, then you can email the editor. Otherwise, I would advise against it. If you want to explain your paper in any way, submit a cover letter with it if the journal allows you to do so. Certainly don’t send your paper onto the editor and ask if it would be appropriate for the journal – you’re asking for the work of the peer review process without actually submitting. At most, you could send along the abstract, but don’t expect a detailed response. Editors are busy people, and reviewing submitted manuscripts is their first priority. A better tactic is to email an associate editor or editorial board member and ask them about the journal’s process. They may be able to give you more detail and more of their time.

7.       From the editorial perspective, what makes a great journal article submission?

Again, this will vary widely by journal, but a well-written article is always appreciated. An article with clear and sound methods addressing the readers of the journal, with an innovative, developed thesis stands a higher chance of being accepted just about anywhere.

8.       What should a person submitting an article for consideration NEVER do?

I think you can probably glean from the above, but never send your full article to the editor outside of the submission process; never be rude to an editor; never try to find out who is reviewing your article; never assume you know who is reviewing your article – as I’ve heard from nearly every editor, likely, you are wrong even if you are sure you’re right; and if your article has been rejected, never email the editor immediately after receiving a rejection. Even if you have questions or feel like there was a major issue in the process, take at least a week and then reread the decision letter. If you still feel like you should write an email, have a diplomatic colleague review it before hitting “send.” And never, ever submit your paper to multiple journals at the same time. Wait for a rejection from one before submitting to another.

9.       Other tips/tricks about how to make a submission stand out?

If you have the chance to submit an early draft of your paper to a conference, do so. Conferences are great for getting initial comments and advice from experienced authors who know your field. If not, get comments from colleagues at your institution. Follow all the submission guidelines. If you’ve never written a paper before, or think you could use some help with the process, Writing Your Journal Article in Twelve Weeks is a good resource. If you receive a rejection with suggested changes, take those changes into account before you submit to another journal. The reviewer pool for many disciplines is small – the same reviewer could very well be reviewing your article at another journal.

Most importantly, make sure your paper is as polished as it can be before you submit. You may be waiting weeks or even months to receive an initial decision.  Don’t spend your time thinking of all the changes you could’ve made while you’re waiting for a decision.

Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus (/ˈɡoʊldʒiː/), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.^[1] It was identified in 1897 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898.^[2]

Part of the cellular endomembrane system, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination; it is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion.

 Discovery

Owing to its large size, the Golgi apparatus was one of the first organelles to be discovered and observed in detail. It was discovered in 1898 by Italian physician Camillo Golgi during an investigation of the nervous system.^[2] After first observing it under his microscope, he termed the structure the internal reticular apparatus. Some doubted the discovery at first, arguing that the appearance of the structure was merely an optical illusion created by the observation technique used by Golgi. With the development of modern microscopes in the 20th century, the discovery was confirmed.^[3] Early references to the Golgi referred to it by various names including the "Golgi–Holmgren apparatus", "Golgi–Holmgren ducts", and "Golgi–Kopsch apparatus".^[2] The term "Golgi apparatus" was used in 1910 and first appeared in scientific literature in 1913.^[2]

Structure

Found within the cytoplasm of both plant and animal cells, the Golgi is composed of stacks of membrane-bound structures known as cisternae (singular: cisterna). An individual stack is sometimes called a dictyosome (from Greek dictyon: net + soma: body),^[4] especially in plant cells.^[5] A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100 stacks.^[6] Between four and eight cisternae are usually present in a stack; however, in some protists as many as sixty have been observed.^[3] Each cisterna comprises a flat, membrane enclosed disc that includes special Golgi enzymes which modify or help to modify cargo proteins that travel through it.^[7]

The cisternae stack has four functional regions: the cis-Golgi network, medial-Golgi, endo-Golgi, and trans-Golgi network. Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (via the vesicular-tubular clusters) fuse with the network and subsequently progress through the stack to the trans Golgi network, where they are packaged and sent to their destination. Each region contains different enzymes which selectively modify the contents depending on where they reside.^[8] The cisternae also carry structural proteins important for their maintenance as flattened membranes which stack upon each other.^[9]

Function

Cells synthesize a large number of different macromolecules. The Golgi apparatus is integral in modifying, sorting, and packaging these macromolecules for cell secretion^[10] (exocytosis) or use within the cell.^[11] It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum but is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.^[11] In this respect it can be thought of as similar to a post office; it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell.

Enzymes within the cisternae are able to modify the proteins by addition of carbohydrates (glycosylation)^[12] and phosphates (phosphorylation). In order to do so, the Golgi imports substances such as nucleotide sugars from the cytosol. These modifications may also form a signal sequence which determines the final destination of the protein. For example, the Golgi apparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphate label to proteins destined for lysosomes.

 The Golgi plays an important role in the synthesis of proteoglycans, which are molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals. It is also a major site of carbohydrate synthesis.^[13] This includes the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long unbranched polysaccharides which the Golgi then attaches to a protein synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum to form proteoglycans.^[14] Enzymes in the Golgi polymerize several of these GAGs via a xylose link onto the core protein. Another task of the Golgi involves the sulfation of certain molecules passing through its lumen via sulfotranferases that gain their sulfur molecule from a donor called PAPS. This process occurs on the GAGs of proteoglycans as well as on the core protein. Sulfation is generally performed in the trans-Golgi network. The level of sulfation is very important to the proteoglycans' signalling abilities as well as giving the proteoglycan its overall negative charge.^[13]

The phosphorylation of molecules requires that ATP is imported into the lumen of the Golgi^[15] and utilised by resident kinases such as casein kinase 1 and casein kinase 2. One molecule that is phosphorylated in the Golgi is Apolipoprotein, which forms a molecule known as VLDL that is a constituent of blood serum. It is thought that the phosphorylation of these molecules is important to help aid in their sorting for secretion into the blood serum.^[16]

The Golgi has a putative role in apoptosis, with several Bcl-2 family members localised there, as well as to the mitochondria. A newly characterized protein, GAAP (Golgi anti-apoptotic protein), almost exclusively resides in the Golgi and protects cells from apoptosis by an as-yet undefined mechanism.^[17]

Vesicular transport

Diagram of secretory process from endoplasmic reticulum (orange) to Golgi apparatus (pink). 1. Nuclear membrane; 2. Nuclear pore; 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER); 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER); 5. Ribosome attached to RER; 6. Macromolecules; 7. Transport vesicles; 8. Golgi apparatus; 9. Cis face of Golgi apparatus; 10. Trans face of Golgi apparatus; 11. Cisternae of the Golgi Apparatus

The vesicles that leave the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus, where they fuse with the Golgi membrane and empty their contents into the lumen. Once inside the lumen, the molecules are modified, then sorted for transport to their next destinations. The Golgi apparatus tends to be larger and more numerous in cells that synthesize and secrete large amounts of substances; for example, the plasma B cells and the antibody-secreting cells of the immune system have prominent Golgi complexes.

Those proteins destined for areas of the cell other than either the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus are moved towards the trans face, to a complex network of membranes and associated vesicles known as the trans-Golgi network (TGN). This area of the Golgi is the point at which proteins are sorted and shipped to their intended destinations by their placement into one of at least three different types of vesicles, depending upon the molecular marker they carry.

Types	Description	Example
Exocytotic vesicles (continuous)	Vesicle contains proteins destined for extracellular release. After packaging, the vesicles bud off and immediately move towards the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release the contents into the extracellular space in a process known as constitutive secretion.	Antibody release by activated plasma B cells
Secretory vesicles (regulated)	Vesicle contains proteins destined for extracellular release. After packaging, the vesicles bud off and are stored in the cell until a signal is given for their release. When the appropriate signal is received they move towards the membrane and fuse to release their contents. This process is known as regulated secretion.	Neurotransmitter release from neurons
Lysosomal vesicles	Vesicle contains proteins and ribosomes destined for the lysosome, an organelle of degradation containing many acid hydrolases, or to lysosome-like storage organelles. These proteins include both digestive enzymes and membrane proteins. The vesicle first fuses with the late endosome, and the contents are then transferred to the lysosome via unknown mechanisms.	Digestive proteases destined for the lysosome

Transport mechanism

The transport mechanism which proteins use to progress through the Golgi apparatus is not yet clear; however a number of hypotheses currently exist. Until recently, the vesicular transport mechanism was favoured but now more evidence is coming to light to support cisternal maturation. The two proposed models may actually work in conjunction with each other, rather than being mutually exclusive. This is sometimes referred to as the combined model.^[13]

• Cisternal maturation model: the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus move by being built at the cis face and destroyed at the trans face. Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse with each other to form a cisterna at the cis face, consequently this cisterna would appear to move through the Golgi stack when a new cisterna is formed at the cis face. This model is supported by the fact that structures larger than the transport vesicles, such as collagen rods, were observed microscopically to progress through the Golgi apparatus.^[13] This was initially a popular hypothesis, but lost favour in the 1980s. Recently it has made a comeback, as laboratories at the University of Chicago and the University of Tokyo have been able to use new technology to directly observe Golgi compartments maturing.^[18] Additional evidence comes from the fact that COPI vesicles move in the retrograde direction, transporting endoplasmic reticulum proteins back to where they belong by recognizing a signal peptide.^[19]

• Vesicular transport model: Vesicular transport views the Golgi as a very stable organelle, divided into compartments in the cis to trans direction. Membrane bound carriers transport material between the endoplasmic reticulum and the different compartments of the Golgi.^[20] Experimental evidence includes the abundance of small vesicles (known technically as shuttle vesicles) in proximity to the Golgi apparatus. To direct the vesicles, actin filaments connect packaging proteins to the membrane to ensure that they fuse with the correct compartment.^[13]

Fate during mitosis

In animal cells, the Golgi apparatus will break up and disappear following the onset of mitosis, or cellular division. During the telophase of mitosis, the Golgi apparatus reappears. As of December 2009 it is uncertain how this occurs.^[21] In contrast, Golgi stacks have been observed to remain intact in plant or yeast cells throughout the cell cycle. The reason for this difference is not yet known, but it may, in part, be a consequence of golgin proteins.

From:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3aRWCyxyno